RECOVERY OF LIGNIN FROM COCONUT COIR (Cocos nucifera L.) BY REUSABLE DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS: CHARACTERIZATION AND POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN GAUZE FABRIC COATING
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62985/j.huit_ojs.vol26.no3.444Từ khóa:
Coconut coir, lignin, deep eutectic solvent, reusability, purity ligninTóm tắt
This study investigated lignin recovery from coconut coir using a choline chloride–oxalic acid deep eutectic solvent and evaluated the solvent reusability and potential coating application. The results showed that the lignin recovery yield reached 18.70% (w/w) based on the dry weight of biomass when using a solvent system composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and oxalic acid (OA) at a molar ratio of 6:4, at a reaction temperature of 100 °C for 3 hours. The reusability of the DES was also evaluated through ten consecutive extraction cycles and showed that the lignin recovery yield did not change significantly. The recovered lignin exhibited a purity of nearly 90% and showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 6.02 μg/mL. In addition, the lignin/DES dispersion system exhibited antibacterial activity against two bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with inhibition zones diameter of 39 mm and 32 mm, respectively. Furthermore, this study preliminarily demonstrated the potential application of lignin as a coating material for gauze fabric through the lignin/DES dispersion system under conditions of 2 hours of immersion time and lignin/DES dispersion at a concentration of 0.1% (w/w), achieving a weight gain percentage of 53.90% (w/w). The results of this study demonstrate that DES is potentially more sustainable than conventional solvent systems for lignin recovery from coconut coir. Moreover, the findings highlight the potential application of lignin in the development of antibacterial coating materials and other value-added products derived from agricultural residues, in line with the principles of the circular economy and green chemistry.
Tài liệu tham khảo
[1] S. W. Adkins, R. Cave, and F. C. Beveridge, “An introduction: Botany, origin and diversity,” in The Coconut: Botany, production and uses, 2024, pp. 1–13, doi: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249736.0001.
[2] A. James and D. Yadav, “Valorization of coconut waste for facile treatment of contaminated water: A comprehensive review (2010-2021),” Environ. Technol. Innov., vol. 24, p. 102075, Nov. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.102075.
[3] M. Nissar, K. N. Chethan, Y. A. Birjerane, S. Patil, S. Shetty, and A. Das, “Coconut coir fiber composites for sustainable architecture: A comprehensive review of properties, processing, and applications,” J. Compos. Sci., vol. 9, no. 10, p. 516, Sep. 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9100516.
[4] N. S. M. Aziz, A. Shariff, N. Abdullah, and N. M. Noor, “Characteristics of coconut frond as a potential feedstock for biochar via slow pyrolysis,” Malaysian J. Fundam. Appl. Sci., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 408–413, Dec. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n4.1014.
[5] D. Rico-García et al., “Lignin-based Hydrogels: Synthesis and applications,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 12, no. 1, p. 81, Jan. 2020,doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12010081.
[6] S. Wang, Q. Shen, S. Su, J. Lin, and G. Song, “The temptation from homogeneous linear catechyl lignin,” Trends Chem., vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 948–961, Oct. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trechm.2022.07.008.
[7] P. Figueiredo, K. Lintinen, J. T. Hirvonen, M. A. Kostiainen, and H. A. Santos, “Properties and chemical modifications of lignin: Towards lignin-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications,” Prog. Mater. Sci., vol. 93, pp. 233–269, Apr. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.12.001.
[8] Y. Jin, J. Lin, Y. Cheng, and C. Lu, “Lignin-based high-performance fibers by textile spinning techniques,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 12, Art. no. 3378, Jun. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123378.
[9] Z. Wang and P. J. Deuss, “The isolation of lignin with native-like structure,” Biotechnol. Adv., vol. 68, no. April, Art. no. 108230, Nov. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108230.
[10] A. Zeb, “Concept, mechanism, and applications of phenolic antioxidants in foods,” J. Food Biochem., vol. 44, no. 9, Art. no. e13394, Sep. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13394.
[11] J. L. Espinoza-Acosta, P. I. Torres-Chávez, B. Ramírez-Wong, C. M. López-Saiz, and B. Montaño-Leyva, “Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antimutagenic properties of technical lignins and their applications,” BioResources, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 5452–5481, Mar. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.2.Espinoza_Acosta.
[12] A. P. Abbott, D. Boothby, G. Capper, D. L. Davies, and R. K. Rasheed, “Deep Eutectic Solvents Formed between Choline Chloride and Carboxylic Acids: Versatile Alternatives to Ionic Liquids,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 126, no. 29, pp. 9142–9147, Jul. 2004, doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja048266j.
[13] D. J. Cronin, X. Chen, L. Moghaddam, and X. Zhang, “Deep eutectic solvent extraction of high‐purity lignin from a corn stover hydrolysate,” ChemSusChem, vol. 13, no. 17, pp. 4678–4690, Sep. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202001243.
[14] C. Fernandes et al., “New deep eutectic solvent assisted extraction of highly pure lignin from maritime pine sawdust (Pinus pinaster Ait.).,” Int. J. Biol. Macromol., vol. 177, pp. 294–305, Apr. 2021,doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.088.
[15] O. Morozova et al., “Green extraction of reed lignin: The effect of the deep eutectic solvent composition on the UV-shielding and antioxidant properties of lignin,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 25, no. 15, Art. no. 8277, Jul. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158277.
[16] S. Ferreira et al., “Lignin-based coatings: A sustainable approach to produce antibacterial textiles,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 26, no. 3, Art. no. 1217, Jan. 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031217.
[17] A. D. Sluiter et al., “Determination of structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass: laboratory analytical procedure (LAP),” Tech. Rep., no. January, pp. 1–15, 2008, [Online]. Available: https://docs.nlr.gov/docs/gen/fy13/42618.pdf.
[18] Suhas, P. J. M. Carrott, and M. M. L. Ribeiro Carrott, “Lignin-from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: A review,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 98, no. 12, pp. 2301–2312, Sep. 2007, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.08.008.
[19] J. O. Grande-Flores and B. M. Bujanovic, “UV-absorption capacity of selected crude and functionalized lignin for use in sunscreens,” Pertanika J. Sci. Technol., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1–14, Jul. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.32.S3.01.
[20] A. W. Bauer, W. M. M. Kirby, J. C. Sherris, and M. Turck, “Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method,” Am. J. Clin. Pathol., vol. 45, no. 4_ts, pp. 493–496, Apr. 1966, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/45.4_ts.493.
[21] V. Provost et al., “Deep eutectic solvent pretreatment of biomass: Influence of hydrogen bond donor and temperature on lignin extraction with high β-O-4 content,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 349, Art. no. 126837, Apr. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126837.
[22] N. F. Sayakulu and S. Soloi, “The Effect of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Concentration on Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) Cellulose Yield,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 2314, no. 1, p. 012017, Aug. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2314/1/012017.
[23] C. Martin et al., “Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of agricultural and agro-industrial residues for ethanol production,” in Applied Biochemistry and Biotecnology, vol. 136, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2007, pp. 339–352, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-181-3_30.
[24] D. Mikulski and G. Kłosowski, “Efficiency of dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of distillery stillage in the production of cellulosic ethanol,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 268, pp. 424–433, Nov. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.005.
[25] P. Obama, G. Ricochon, L. Muniglia, and N. Brosse, “Combination of enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol organosolv pretreatments: Effect on lignin structures, delignification yields and cellulose-to-glucose conversion,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 112, pp. 156–163, May 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.080.
[26] T. Yokoyama, “Revisiting the mechanism of β- O -4 bond cleavage during acidolysis of lignin. Part 6: A Review,” J. Wood Chem. Technol., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 27–42, Jan. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02773813.2014.881375.
[27] N. Mqoni, I. Bahadur, S. Singh, X. Meng, and A. Ragauskas, “Deep eutectic solvents for pretreatment of lignocellulose biomass: Physical properties, solubility mechanisms, and their interactions,” Chem. Rev., vol. 126, no. 2, pp. 1206–1257, Jan. 2026, doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00597.
[28] V. Jančíková and M. Jablonský, “Exploiting deep eutectic solvent-like mixtures for fractionation biomass, and the mechanism removal of lignin: A review,” Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 2, Art. no. 504, Jan. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020504.
[29] Y. Chen et al., “High-purity lignin isolated from poplar wood meal through dissolving treatment with deep eutectic solvents,” R. Soc. Open Sci., vol. 6, no. 1, p. 181757, Jan. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181757.
[30] M. Francisco, A. van den Bruinhorst, and M. C. Kroon, “New natural and renewable low transition temperature mixtures (LTTMs): Screening as solvents for lignocellulosic biomass processing,” Green Chem., vol. 14, pp. 2153–2157, 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C2GC35660K.
[31] S. H. Lee et al., “A Review on citric acid as green modifying agent and binder for wood,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 12, no. 8, p. 1692, Jul. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081692.
[32] X.-J. Shen et al., “Facile fractionation of lignocelluloses by biomass-derived deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment for cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis and lignin valorization,” Green Chem., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 275–283, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8GC03064B.
[33] M. Li, M. Tu, D. Cao, P. Bass, and S. Adhikari, “Distinct roles of residual xylan and lignin in limiting enzymatic hydrolysis of organosolv pretreated loblolly pine and sweetgum,” J. Agric. Food Chem., vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 646–654, Jan. 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf304517w.
[34] X. Pan et al., “Biorefining of softwoods using ethanol organosolv pulping: preliminary evaluation of process streams for manufacture of fuel-grade ethanol and co-products.,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 473–81, May 2005, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.20453.
[35] V. E. Bécsy-Jakab, A. Savoy, B. K. Saulnier, S. K. Singh, and D. B. Hodge, “Extraction, recovery, and characterization of lignin from industrial corn stover lignin cake,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 399,Art. no. 130610, May 2024, doi; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130610.
[36] M. P. Grimaldi et al., “Evaluation of lime and hydrothermal pretreatments for efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of raw sugarcane bagasse,” Biotechnol. Biofuels, vol. 8, no. 1, Art. no. 205, Dec. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0384-y.
[37] A. Meindl, A. Petutschnigg, and T. Schnabel, “Microwave-Assisted Lignin Extraction—Utilizing Deep Eutectic Solvents to Their Full Potential,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 20, Art. no. 4319, Oct. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14204319.
[38] H. M. Bedair, T. M. Samir, and F. R. Mansour, “Antibacterial and antifungal activities of natural deep eutectic solvents.,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol. 108, no. 1, Art. no. 198, Feb. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-024-13044-2.
[39] K. Song et al., “Insights into the chemical structure and antioxidant activity of lignin extracted from bamboo by acidic deep eutectic solvents,” ACS Omega, vol. 9, no. 39, pp. 40956–40969, Oct. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c06259.
[40] L. Li et al., “A bifunctional brønsted acidic deep eutectic solvent to dissolve and catalyze the depolymerization of alkali lignin,” J. Renew. Mater., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 219–235, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2021.012099.
[41] Z. Yu et al., “Balancing the particle interactions of lignin-containing cellulose to control dispersibility and viscosity,” Food Hydrocoll., vol. 176, Art. no. 112551, Jul. 2026, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2026.112551.
[42] L. Hu et al., “In situ polymerization of lignin in cellulose nanofibrils aqueous dispersion for fully bio-based barrier coating in packaging,” Cellulose, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 5389–5405, Jun. 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-025-06562-3.
